法语维基有更详细的资料，用谷歌翻译成了英文，基本流畅可读：
After completing his primary education in Kefalonia, he was sent to Venice to continue his preparation for admission to the University of Padua, where his father intended him to study law. The son, however, showed more interest in political studies, mathematics and science. After a time, he went to Paris where political developments led him to new fields of activity.
The young Nicolas enthusiastically adopted the new democratic ideas and eventually enlisted in the army. The adjutant Greek Loverdo served under Napoleon in the 13th Army of the Alps. April 16, 1796, at the battle of Modena, he was seriously wounded in the head and was forced to retire from active service during his convalescence.
After the peace of Campo Formio in 1797 when the Ionian Islands were ceded to the French Republic, Loverdo served in the General Staff General Gentily who had received the military command and civilian Corfu. There he was paid, senior administrator in the civil administration, became the first counselor in the Senate and soon promoted to Senior Advisor (Segretatio in Capo) to the central government of Corfu.
It was around this time that the so-called "Patriotic Society" was founded by a number of thinkers and scholars. Its members gathered to listen to lectures on various political issues. At one of these meetings, the young Loverdo read a text highlighting the fact that "the government of one man or an oligarchy destroys the rights of men and undermines a nation's energy." The text was published in the 6th year of the Republic, in a series of political essays, published by the company, although there was no indication of where it was printed.
However, monarchical governments joined forces to strike a blow against democratic France and, in November 1798, the Russo-Turkish fleet appeared in the Ionian Sea and began the siege of the city of Corfu . Martial instincts Loverdo came first: he resigned from the civil administration and re-enlisted as a captain, organizing and leading two strong Greek rifle companies of 200 men. The companies were raised at his own expense and served under him in the defense of "Neocastro" Corfu. It was this action that won him the praise of the Inspector-General Dubois wrote that Loverdo "executed its civilian and military duties with great zeal, with remarkable physical strength and intelligence, his dedication to the service of France is enviable." After the fall of Corfu March 5, 1799, the Russian admiral Usakov Loverdo invited to hold a position in the new government, but nothing could get him to give up the French flag.
That's why he made the crossing to Ancona with Greek companies and joined the Italian army as an artillery captain under the command of General Debelle. He fought at the left side of the rear guard at the Battle of nioni and was wounded in the left thigh. Even before his injury is healed he returned to action in Marengo where he was promoted to lieutenant general staff.
Impressed by the remarkable capabilities Loverdo, Colonel Guériot wrote a letter of recommendation to the First Consul Bonaparte, offering a ministerial post for the young man, a position where it could use its broad knowledge of the policy (Loverdo then serving as adjutant Staff Colonel Guériot, on the recommendation of Marmont).
Following the guidelines Guériot this letter of recommendation was presented to Bonaparte, by his Rulhiere colleague. Loverdo Bonaparte wrote a report in which he proposed the re-occupation by France of the Greek Islands, in order to maintain its influence in Egypt and protect its trade in the eastern Mediterranean.
It is possible that it is at the end of this report that three months after the Treaty of Luneville, Bonaparte gave orders that reinforcements are sent to Taranto to reclaim the Ionian Islands and Loverdo to go to Ferrara, where he was to supervise the transport of artillery and other supplies for Taranto.
Loverdo threw himself with great zeal to the task of collecting, from Turin, Alexandria, Tortoni and Mantua, large quantities of firearms. He did everything possible for them to be transported first in Ancona and Taranto. The British tried unsuccessfully to intercept but Loverdo was smarter than them: sometimes, hiding among the islands of the Po where the English were looking for him with small boats, sometimes waiting for the bad weather forces the English squadron to stand away from the coast. A large quantity of guns and ammunition had been transported to Ancona and Taranto came when the news of the start of negotiations with London: The operation was canceled and supplies sent in warehouses. Loverdo was ordered to report to General Seroux, in charge of the artillery for the army of South Italy. After spending some time he was sent to the island of Elba, on a secret mission, where he remained until the signing of peace. Having accomplished his mission he returned to the General Seroux.
But around that time, he learned that his father had a stroke and consequently - his own health was failing - he asked permission to return to his native Cephalonia, once hostilities have ceased for a recovery period . Before leaving the barracks he asked a written statement of its services to both the general and the general Seroux Lacombe-Saint-Michel. Both men were happy to comply with her request.
Peace liberated Egypt from the control of France and England but Napoleon had plans for the East again. Therefore, while Horace Sebastiani was the "tourism" in Egypt and on the Syrian coast, Loverdo just arrived in Corfu, was the representative of the French Republic in the Ionian Islands (Alexandre Romieux) an envelope sent by Murat containing the secret instructions of the First Consul.
The instructions were that runs along the coast of Albania, Akarnania, Aitolia, Epirus and the Peloponnese, as local leaders and explain to them the necessary military plans. After completing this secret mission, he sent his observations to the First Consul and returned to Kefalonia where he found his father recovering from his attack. That is why he sent his request to join the French army in Italy.
However, the government of the Ionian Islands proposed, on the recommendation of the French representative, it assumes the inspector general of artillery and engineering corps. Loverdo declined, and at the same time of arrival in Zakynthos (Zante) Sebastiani and the government was led to suspect the role played by two French officers. In the meantime new secret instructions had arrived, ordering him to return to Greece and to conduct secret negotiations with Samuel, head of Suliotes, Zacharias, head of "klephtes» Peloponnese and Zannetakis, bey of Mani. Happy at the prospect of his liberated country, Loverdo is activated to drive his second mission.
Later he returned to Corfu and in 1804 returned to Otranto. This period marks the beginning of a purely French stage career Loverdo.
In the beginning, it was attached to Murat who was responsible for conducting negotiations with Ali Pasha. But as soon as military operations began again, Loverdo sent a request via Murat, the chief of the French forces in Italy, Massena, to join his army. Massena not only greeted with pleasure, but also appointed him adjutant, sending him the following letter:
"Given the evidence I have heard, major, your nobility of character and desire you expressed to take a position in the army of Italy, by this, I appoint you as my adjutant-majors. I take great pleasure in having educated and honorable officers around me and I am confident that you will be worthy of such a position.
You can present this letter to the Department of the Ministry of the war as soon as permission for departure will be given, do not wait to join me. "
As adjutant of Marshal Massena, Loverdo was present in all the campaigns in which the brave general was involved. He was with him in 1806 during the siege of Gaeta, near Naples, and during the campaign Calabria. He followed the general in Poland, where after fighting bravely he was promoted to Major on February 25, 1807. After the Peace of Tilsit, he returned to Paris and was rewarded for his services by appointment in the order of the Legion Honour and an annuity of 500 francs per year on the background of Napoleon Milan.
When the decision was made to launch the campaign in Spain in 1808, Massena, who had lost an eye, was unable to take command of the troops; Loverdo was appointed to lead the campaign with the rank of major. He set off, carrying a qu'élogieux certificate services, Massena and the letter serving as an introduction to Marshal Lannes, Massena sent from Paris by December 1:
"Major Loverdo, my adjutant, was ordered to join you for the Spanish campaign I have a deep (huge) respect for the officer, his abilities, his bravery and experience. It pains me to see him leave me but I have to at least do what I can to make sure it will be well received by others. So My Dear Marshal, I am pleased to send you join your staff and confident that justify the favor I showed him and confirm all the evidence of his ability that I address you. I advised him to bring you this letter from me, and to ensure that there is no one other respects you more than I do.
With my warmest compliments. Massena "
In the bloody battles of the Spanish campaign, Loverdo fought with an ardor worthy of its Greek ancestors.
During the siege of Saragossa, reached him about joining the Reserve Corps in Augsburg (Germany) under the command of Massena. The Reserve Corps was to be part of the 4th Corps of the Grand Army.
In 1809 he fought at Essling and Wagram, where he had two horses killed himself and wounded twice in the chest. He won another promotion: he was awarded the Cross of the Legion of the Empire and knighted with a pension of 2,000 francs. After the conclusion of peace, he spent a time to convalesce before being sent to Portugal as sous chef at the headquarters of Massena.
In 1812 he was appointed colonel in the 59th regiment of the line, where he showed an ardent follower of military discipline, performing all obligations with impeccable punctuality, as General Clauzel will attest. August 2, 1813, he was severely wounded in the defense of the hill Echalar against repeated British assaults. It took four months of permission to heal his wound. Is still on leave he was rewarded for his bravery by Napoleon who promoted him to the rank of brigadier general November 19, 1813, the first made Baron and then by decree of November 19, 1813, Earl.
The war minister asked if he could move his departure to take command given to it by the Emperor, but Mr. Dupuytren's doctor expressed the opinion that will be disastrous for his health to leave immediately. Finally, a direct order emanated from the Emperor of having to appear without further excuses or delays to support the Tarn-et-Garonne region and the command of the 3rd Brigade of the 2nd Division (General Travott) of the body reserve army Pyrenees in Montauban. He sped to Montauban on 6 December.
There, a difficult situation awaited. The recent conscription angered against Napoleon. Loverdo ensured that discipline reigned under his own command. He sent his troops build fortifications on the right bank of the Garonne and remained in constant contact by courier with the main camp Castelnaudary and Toulouse.
But political developments now beginning to occur with the same rapidity as the enemy advance. In Montauban, the population openly showed for the Bourbons; many of those who harbored soldiers with a billet cast their business in the street; many wore a white handkerchief in their right arm; others hoisted white flags; others were demonstrating in front of Loverdo shouting "down them Bonapartists! Down with the General!" Loverdo tried to calm the wrath of disgruntled while ordering his troops not to fire on supporters of the Bourbons but be prepared to fight until 'to the death against the English.
April 10, was brought to him a letter from the English camp offering him a large sum of gold or pounds sterling if he deserted. He immediately wrote to Marshal Soult, recommending that the messenger who brought the letter to be court-martialled.
Eventually it appeared that the letter had been paid 5 francs by an English captain to deliver the message. He was imprisoned but acquitted after the arrival of the Duke of Angoulême May 6 Loverdo resolved to die in battle and defend to the last man the banks of the Garonne. But April 11, 1814, Napoleon abdicated and absolved the army of his oath. Announcements were made in Montauban by letters sent by the Minister of War. On April 14, the entire local population declared against Napoleon. Officers and enlisted men abandoned their positions. People in the region are poured into the city and asked to be able to cross the English camp in order to sell groceries.
Unable to communicate with Soult since Toulouse had been occupied, Loverdo asked to meet General Wellington to discuss a cease-fire. The request was granted and Loverdo informed his superiors who approved his initiative. Shortly after, Marmont ordered the cessation of hostilities against the Allies, while Gazza commander ordered the army to take an oath to the Bourbons. Given the change in the political climate, Loverdo, himself, had no choice but to take the oath (though he was the latest to do so).
Some time later, the Duke of Angouleme arrived in the city, accompanied by two marshals Loverdo and gave the command of the 6th Division of the French army. In this position, he had to get involved to stop the riots fomented by English gold (they were still worried about the superiority of the French army) in the 28th, 103rd and 100th regiments.
Although the new government will be forced to reduce the size of the army by economy Loverdo was kept and appointed governor of the Alps Basses (the appointment was fixed with the help of Massena). However, at the same time Louis XVIII who remembered that Loverdo was the last officer to lend oath of loyalty to the Bourbons refused to admit his son to the Royal School.
During the Hundred Days, Loverdo remained loyal to the Bourbons and was detained in the prison of Grenoble. After the final defeat of Napoleon, he was promoted to July 14, 1815 to the rank of lieutenant general and given command of the 8th division. November 19, 1815, he eventually became a French citizen and legal resident in Paris. During the restoration he held various positions and received many honors.
He took part in the Spanish campaign in commanding the 3rd Division in the 2nd corps of General Molitor and was decorated by France for its participation in this campaign as well as Spain and the Tsar.
The occupancy level of Algiers: Loverdo designed the original plan of occupation of the city of Algiers in which he estimated the cost at 55 million gold francs. Chairman of the new commission, Loverdo made the following conditions:
1.that the enemy should be attacked simultaneously by land and sea
2.40 000 men would be needed, 4,000 horses and 130 guns (campaign, siege and mountain) with the necessary artillery and engineers
3.that apart from transport ships should be 36 combat ships (frigates, line and vapor) as well as smaller
4.it also determined the precise amount of equipment and rations for each soldier, and stipulated that food and water should be adapted to the African climate
5.the expedition should sail from Toulon and Marseille. The date was set at the end of April
6.the expeditionary force would land on the shore of Sidi Ferruch. Loverdo planned as the best method of unloading.
7.the total cost of the campaign was calculated to 23,895,168 francs.
At the siege of Algiers, fought heroically Loverdo with the 2nd Division. He led his men to repel the attack surprised the Algerians while the rest of the army continued to disembark. Unfortunately, the second son of Bourmont was mortally wounded in the attack. So this event added to the resentment of Bourmont, Auguste Comte Chauisnes, made Loverdo position difficult. He was accused of having participated in the looting of the palace of the Bey of Algiers. He replied that when the 6th regiment of the division entered the palace, the headquarters of Bourmont was already there, which did not stop the criticism of the minister of war that finally put him to retire on his return in Paris.
Loverdo died July 26, 1837 in Paris, leaving two son. One of them was Alexander follow in the footsteps of his father, rising to the rank of Major. The name of General Loverdo is registered to the south side of the Arc de Triomphe: 29th column.
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发表于 2015-3-19 15:03:44
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