197-203 页第三阶段------全部完成

王法拉

表示这段完全可以去看苏联版的战争与和平

王法拉

197页


Around 6pm the battle began winding down. Clausewitz observed that it was
striking how the action gradually reflected the weariness and exhaustion of the armies. The masses of infantry had melted away so drastically that perhaps less than one third of the original number was still in action: the rest of the troops were dead, wounded, engaged in carrying away the casualties or rallying in the rear. Everywhere there were wide gaps. The mighty artillery […] now spoke only by sporadic shots, and even these did not seem to ring out in the old strong and thunderous style, but sounded languid and muffled. The cavalry had almost everywhere taken the place of the infantry and it moved up and down in a tired trot.

下午六点左右，战斗渐渐平息。克劳塞维茨注意到，双方都已筋疲力尽了。步兵伤亡极为惨重，仅有不足三分之一的人还在战斗：其他的要么阵亡，要么负伤，有些人被派去运送伤员，有些则在后方重整队形。每处都是这种情况。大炮也变得有气无力，不像之前那般势若惊雷，炮声只是零星地响起。各处都有骑兵补上了步兵的阵位，他们的战马也已疲惫不堪。

王法拉

198页


Meanwhile, Petrov noted that         As the day began to wane, the fervour of the Battle of Borodino faded away and the bloodshed ceased; musket fire could be seen occasionally through the darkness of the night. Now and then, artillery guns, as if snorting off their exhaustion, covered the battlefield with the thunder of their fearsome sighs. The moans of those dying from their wounded could be heard among the piles of dead, which covered the entire field and filled up ravines. To us, they were the sacred shadows of our courageous comrades, who bid their farewell after falling in glory defending their Fatherland.

同时，Petrov也注意到，随着天色渐晚，博罗季诺战场上双方的战斗热情也消退了，流血厮杀渐渐平息；夜色中偶尔有滑膛枪火闪烁，大炮也只是间断性地射击。垂死者的呻吟随处可闻，尸体铺满了原野，填平了沟壑。他们都是勇敢的弟兄，为了保卫伟大的祖国，义无反顾地献出了生命。
         
Wolzogen recalled that:         Barclay could not understand why Napoleon did not exploit his victory; for he had in fact already gained possession of the principal points of the battlefield […] [and] a fairly general weariness had gripped the Russian Army. Many of the generals were dead or wounded, and almost all the regimental commanders too […] I had met a lieutenant with thirty to forty men behind the front line, and when I ordered him to rejoin his regiment at once, he replied, ‘This is my regiment!’ All the rest of the men were dead, wounded or missing. Nearly all the Russian reserves had already been committed, whereas […] Napoleon’s Imperial Guard had not been seen in any attack. Therefore the Guard could in any case either continue the fight against the Russian centre or reinforce the Emperor’s right wing and, by overthrowing Baggovut’s corps, could attack the Russian Army in the rear. However, neither move occurred.514

Wolzogen回忆道：巴克莱始终不明白为什么拿破仑没有投入生力军扩大战果，联军已经拿下了博罗季诺战场的重要支撑点，俄军也久战疲惫，无力抵抗，许多将领和团级军官非死即伤。我曾经在前线后方遇到一个带着三四十号人的中尉，当我命令他立即归队时，他回答道“我们全团都在这了！”其他的人都进了伤亡失踪名单。俄军几乎耗光了后备队，但拿破仑最精锐的帝国近卫军却一直未见踪影。这只恐怖的力量既可以突击俄军中央，也可以支援法军右翼，只要打垮了Baggovut军，那就可以威胁到俄军的后方。可是这一切都没发生。
         
Observing the situation on the front line, Barclay de Tolly sent Wolzogen to Kutuzov to obtain further orders. Knowing Kutuzov’s character well, he instructed Wolzogen to ‘get his reply in writing because one has to be very careful with Kutuzov’. Wolzogen found Kutuzov on a hill near the Moscow Road, surrounded by a suite of ‘rich young noblemen, who indulged in all kinds of pleasures and had taken no part whatever in the terrible and earnest events of the day. Colonel Toll was with them and was busily eating a capon’. Wolzogen reported on the state of the Russian Army with his German directness, noting that ‘all important posts had been lost’ and ‘the regiments were all extremely tired and shattered’. Such depressing reports naturally infuriated Kutuzov, who felt embarrassed in front of his suite. ‘With which low bitch of a sutler have you been getting drunk that you come giving me such an absurd report?’ he yelled at Wolzogen. Ever aware of the power of propaganda, Kutuzov then quickly gathered his thoughts, hinting at what he expected from others:
         
了解到第一线的战况，巴克莱派Wolzogen去向库图佐夫请求下一步的行动命令。鉴于对库图佐夫的了解，他指示Wolzogen必须取得“库图佐夫签发的书面命令”。 Wolzogen在莫斯科大道附近的一座小山上找到了库图佐夫，"他（库图佐夫）那时被一群年轻贵族环绕，沉浸在恭维声中，对眼前的麻烦毫不热心。Toll上校也在场，但他对盘中的阉鸡更感兴趣。”Wolzogen以德意志人的直率通报了俄军战况，“敌人占据了所有的重点阵地，我们的团级部队都已筋疲力尽或者被打散了”。糟糕的战报激怒了库图佐夫，这让他在随员前丧尽颜面。“你他妈的是在哪个狗娘养的的小贩那里喝多了酒！竟然敢给我这种报告！”库图佐夫怒吼道。但库图佐夫马上理清了自己的思路，没人比他更了解舆论宣传的威力。

I am in the best position to know how the battle went! The French attacks have been successfully repulsed everywhere, and tomorrow I shall put myself at the head of the army to drive the enemy without more ado from the sacred soil of Russia.
         
“没人比我更了解战斗经过！法国鬼子每次进攻都被迎头痛击，明天我就要一马当先，把这些混蛋赶出我们神圣的祖国！”

At this, Kutuzov looked challengingly at his entourage, which applauded him with enthusiasm. Wolzogen was offended by such a ‘disgraceful reception’ and especially because ‘I had only reported what I had seen with my own eyes during the turmoil of battle, whereas I knew that Kutuzov had spent the whole day in rear of the army among champagne bottles and delicatessen.’ Understanding Kutuzov’s ‘sly, unfair motives’ at treating him thus, Wolzogen went on to note: Certainly, I said to myself, his associates will not realize the true state of the Army and, so as not to be able to condemn his prepared bulletin on the battle as lies, will leave him in the belief that the Russians have won a glorious battle. Besides, he assumed correctly that Napoleon […] would not renew the battle; consequently, the Russians would remain in control of the battlefield overnight.
         
说完这番话，库图佐夫挑衅性地环顾四周，随从们也赶紧鼓掌欢呼，赞叹老将军的爱国热情。Wolzogen受到了不礼貌的接待，特别是他“仅仅处于履行职责，汇报自己看到的战斗经过，而库图佐夫则呆在安全的后方，享用美酒佳肴（前方吃紧后方紧吃么——吐个槽）”。Wolzogen对库图佐夫的狡猾深有体会，他继续记录到：我内心深处知道这些家伙根本不了解军队的状况，他（库图佐夫）也不敢承认那公告谎话连篇，因为这能让他成为俄国人的英雄。但他也知道拿破仑此时不会重新进攻，我们今晚保住阵地毫无压力。

王法拉

199页


Wolzogen was correct in his reasoning. The Russian Commander-in-Chief knew well what had happened that day but, always a shrewd diplomat, he could not allow news of the failed battle to spread. This is why he reprimanded Wolzogen for an ‘inappropriate’ report but welcomed Rayevsky, who, arriving moments later, brought positive news. As Rayevsky recalled, Kutuzov received me more kind-heartedly than usually because a few moments earlier somebody described our state of affairs in negative light […] He told me, ‘So you believe we should not retreat?’ I responded that, on contrary, I believed we should attack the enemy the very next day, since in such inconclusive battles the side that is most tenacious always wins. This was not bragging on my side. It might be that I was mistaken but at the time I sincerely believed in this.

          从前线军官的角度看，Wolzogen所作所为无可指责。但俄军司令部对战斗的了解是极为详尽的，阻止不利消息扩散是每一位合格指挥官的必备素质。这就是库图佐夫痛斥Wolzogen而欢迎报捷的Rayevsky（他在Wolzogen之后一会儿抵达）的缘由。Rayevsky回忆道，库图佐夫这次对他格外热情，因为刚刚有人报告说俄军处境岌岌可危。他（库图佐夫）问我：“你觉得我们该撤退么？！”我表示反对，并且坚信我们明天就能进行反击，狭路相逢勇者胜，胜利往往属于坚持到最后的一方。我并没有自吹自擂，现在看起来可能我误判了形势，但那时我坚信我们能干翻法国佬。

Kutuzov then talked to Toll and dictated a plan of attack for the following day, while Toll prepared another order for Barclay de Tolly. Rayevsky was told to deliver oral instructions to Dokhturov, currently commanding the 2nd Army, while Wolzogen received a written order for Barclay de Tolly. The order stated that: from all the movements of the enemy I [Kutuzov] conclude that he [Napoleon] has been weakened no less than us during this battle, and that is why, having started with him, I have decided this night to draw up the Army in order, to supply the artillery with fresh ammunition and in the morning to renew the battle with the enemy.515

          于是库图佐夫让Toll起草了接下来几天的作战计划，同时也给巴克莱另一个任务。Rayevsky被派去给第2军（crops?二线军还是第二军，等翻阅建制表）指挥官Dokhturov带个口信，Wolzogen则收到了给巴克莱的书面指示。命令如下：综合各种敌情判断，我认为拿破仑蒙受了更惨痛的损失，我决定今晚重整队伍，补充弹药，明早继续战斗。

After reading the order, Barclay de Tolly ‘shook his head’ and told Wolzogen that he did not know where he was going to find enough men for this disposition:

         读完了命令，巴克莱摇了摇头，对Wolzogen抱怨道他根本没有足够的实力执行这个计划。

If we could attack the French on the spot and straightaway, this might perhaps be feasible; but next day the troops, who had exerted themselves for twelve hours without any food and could still not get anything to eat during the night, would be so exhausted that a further attack would be out of question.516

如果我们当即发起进攻，那还有的打，可是等到明天，饥饿和疲劳就会先榨干我们力量，进攻无异于天方夜谭。         

Barclay then travelled to meet Kutuzov and talked to him for a quarter of an hour before returning to Gorki Hill. Accompanied by three of his adjutants (including Löwenstern, who described these events), he dismounted on the hill and admitted that he was starving. He had a small glass of rum and a piece of bread, while still calmly observing the enemy movements in the distance. The battle had a remarkable effect on the soldiers’ perception of Barclay de Tolly, who was seen galloping into the thick of the action in a full-dress uniform adorned with numerous decorations and orders, and directing troops in one dangerous spot after another. As he inspected his worn-out regiments, he was greeted by spontaneous ‘Hurrahs’, which, as one Russian officer justly noted, ‘greatly contrasted with the insulting and unfair accusations that had been heaped upon him up till then’.517

         巴克莱去找库图佐夫，在后者返回Gorki高地前他们交谈了十五分钟。Löwenstern是陪同前往的三名副官之一，他后来记录到：他（巴克莱）在小山附近下马，并要了些吃的。在对付那一小杯朗姆酒和面包的同时也没忘记观察远处的敌情。巴克莱在战斗中以身作则，衣着礼服，配满勋章，在战斗最激烈、处境最危险的阵地上不断奔走。当检阅久战疲敝的军团时，迎接他的是士兵们发自内心的欢呼，一名俄军军官评论到：他（巴克莱）所遭受的侮辱和不公比起他今天的作为显得苍白无力，不值一提。

王法拉

200页


But what kind of solace could this afford to the General amid the battlefield covered with his dead troops? ‘A fog soon covered the battle field …’ Löwenstern wrote,         and complete stillness descended. Only now we were able to calmly discuss the events of this memorable day. None of us considered the battle lost. Trophies were equal on both sides. It is true that the main battery (of Rayevsky) was in the enemy’s hands but Barclay was still hoping to recapture it the following day as well as to recover the ground lost on the extreme left wing and launch an offensive movement.

         对于一位身处战场，眼前满是自己阵亡手下的将军来说，要如何才能使他感到一丝慰藉啊！“雾气很快笼罩了战场。。”Löwenstern写到，周围一片寂静，此时我们才能静下心来回想这血腥的一天。我们都没有思考战斗的损失。双方几乎打成了平手。虽然主要的炮兵阵地（Rayevsky）已落入敌手，但巴克莱仍期望在接下来的战斗中把它和极左翼的失地夺回，新的进攻也在谋划中。

That night, Kutuzov issued orders congratulating his troops with a victory and ordered to prepare for another round of fighting. The Russian troops remained eager to resume the battle, albeit largely unaware of the actual condition of the Army. Muravyev-Apostol recalled receiving ‘the order that the troops should not take off their knapsacks since the battle would be continued the following day’.

当晚，库图佐夫向全军通报了胜利并下令准备继续战斗。俄国人依旧斗志高昂，尽管他们并不知晓部队的真实处境。Muravyev-Apostol回忆道，他接到了“不要卸下背包，准备继续战斗”的命令。

         Generals, meantime, were busy rallying their troops. Barclay de Tolly regrouped the remnants of his army at what is often described as the ‘third Russian position’, the Army having moved about 1,500m to the rear. The VI Corps was near Gorki, with the IV Corps behind it, while the cavalry and the V Corps were in the reserve. Barclay de Tolly also ordered a reconnaissance of the French position and, upon hearing the Grand Redoubt was occupied only by ‘scattered groups that were busy withdrawing’, he instructed Miloradovich to seized this important location with several battalions and establish a battery by dawn. The night-time sortie, however, was unsuccessful. Barclay de Tolly then suggested to Dokhturov that he should ‘reinforce the troops of the 2nd Army, gathered on the left flank of the IV Co rps and […] occupy the area between him and Baggovut’s corps’. To strengthen his position, Barclay de Tolly also ordered the construction of a redoubt on the heights near Gorki and some 2,000 Opolchenye troops were ordered to start building it. Kutuzov confirmed these arrangements.518

将军们此时正竭力重整队伍。巴克莱把他剩下的人部署在所谓的“第3阵地”上，部队向后方运动了1500米。第6军位于Gorki附近，第4军则在其（是第6军还是Gorki，回去找找地图）后方，骑兵和第5军担任后备队。对法军阵地展开侦查的命令也同时下达，当获悉法军在大多面堡仅剩正在撤退的零散单位时，巴克莱指示Miloradovich派出几个营去拿下这处要地，并在黎明前设置好炮垒。可是夜间出击并不顺利。巴克莱随即建议Dokhturov增援第2集团军（问题同前，等看看建制表），在第4军左翼集结队伍并填补他和Baggovut军之间的空隙。为了加强阵地防御，巴克莱在临近Gorki的高地上指派了2000民兵修建一座多面堡。这些计划都得到了库图佐夫的认可。

王法拉

201页


Meantime, on the Russian right flank, the soldiers of the 1st Jäger Regiment were still guarding the banks of the Kolocha. As Petrov recalled: During the night of 27 August [8 September], the patrols dispatched from our regiment reported every hour that the French advance posts were withdrawal further and further. Finally, around the midnight, our patrol officer, returning from his watch, reported to the regimental commander that the enemy was not detected in the area between Rayevsky’s Battery and the Stonets Redoubt and to the right to the Kolocha river. To gather more intelligence and explain the whereabouts of our enemy, one NCO and ten Jägers were ordered to take off their boots, swim across the Kolocha, and determine if the French were still in the village of Borodino. The patrol returned in an hour reporting that the enemy was not in Borodino but on the hill behind the village on the right bank of the Voina, where a thick chain of their cavalry was noticed. Our commander [Karpenko], an experienced staff officer with advance post service in various campaigns, quickly realized the importance of this news and sent his regimental adjutant to apprise Barclay de Tolly. In the meantime, [Karpenko] assumed that the next day would certainly start with an order to attack and instructed his company commanders to increase the number of cartridges issued. After this, the troops were allowed to place their weapons in trestles [‘na kozly’] and rest; the men lay down on the ground and had a quiet sleep on the steep bank of the Kolocha […] Around 5am on 27 August, we dispatched a company of artisans to gather woods from bivouacs to the bank of the Kolocha, where a floating bridge was constructed in order to facilitate the crossing to the village of Borodino as everyone eagerly awaited the order to attack. Instead, we are ordered to remove our advance posts and proceed to Mozhaisk following the army as it began retreating to Moscow; the Cossacks were told to observe the enemy whose cavalry pickets could be seen on the position that the enemy occupied on 25 August [6 September].519

与此同时，处于俄军右翼的 第1猎兵团仍然在警戒Kolocha河岸。Petrov回忆道：在8月27号日晚上（从下文看是凌晨，此为俄历，公历为9月8日），我们团派出的斥候回报说，法军的前沿部队正在不断后退。最后，我们的侦察军官在午夜时分回报团部，说Rayevsky炮垒、Stonets多面堡、Kolocha河右岸之间的区域已无敌踪。为了进一步了解敌情，我们派出了一位军士带着十名猎兵游过了Kolocha河，看看法军是否还呆在博罗季诺村里。一小时后他们回报说村中已无法军，但是村后的小山和Voina河右岸发现了大批敌人骑兵。  我们的指挥Karpenko是个有经验的参谋军官，经历过多次战斗，他马上意识到这个情报的重要性并让副官去向巴克莱汇报。同时，Karpenko也想到明天可能会接到进攻命令，为此他命令手下多储备弹药以备不时之需。忙完这些，队伍得到了休息，人们架好武器，在Kolocha陡峭河岸附近静静地入眠。大概在8月27号上午五点（俄历），我们派工程部队在Kolocha河边收集木料，一座浮桥也同时搭建好，人人都在渴望着收复博罗季诺的进攻命令。可是我们却接到了跟随部队后撤到Mozhaisk（然后是莫斯科）的指示；哥萨克则负责监视敌军骑兵（敌人位于俄历8月25号，即公历9月6号他们夺取的阵地上）。

Late that evening, Kutuzov returned to his headquarters at Tatarinovo, where he convened a council of war to decide what to do next. According to Bennigsen, ‘That evening we were still not aware of the huge losses we had suffered during the day. We therefore considered, for a while, retaking our central battery during the night and continuing the battle on the morrow.’520 Toll and his staff officers were instructed to inspect the army and their reports began arriving around 11pm. They brought the frightening news of Russian casualties and the full picture of the Army’s condition was gradually revealed. Tens of thousands were killed, wounded and missing, entire regiments destroyed and divisions reduced to hundreds. Kutuzov still had six regiments (four Jäger units and two Life Guard Semeyonovskii and Prebrazhenskii Regiments) remaining in reserve but they were certainly insufficient to shore up the Russian positions. After a discussion with his generals, Kutuzov, realizing the futility of remaining on the battlefield, ordered a retreat to a new position, several miles away, near Mozhaisk. The Russian Army was divided into three columns led by Dokhturov, Miloradovich and Platov, with a fourth consisting of artillery. Barclay de Tolly was initially unaware of these arrangements and learned about it only after midnight.

         当晚库图佐夫返回了位于Tatarinovo的指挥部并召开了下一步作战会议。本尼格森提到，当时他们并没有意识到俄军在日间的损失是如此惨重，军官们仍然计划着夜袭夺回中央炮垒，明天继续和法军较量。Toll和手下的参谋前去检查部队，他们在晚上11点左右返回，并带来了俄军可怕的伤亡统计与逐渐明晰的部队现状。已有上万人死伤、失踪，团级建制被打掉，师级单位只剩下几百人的情况比比皆是。库图佐夫手里还有六个团的预备队（四个猎兵团、近卫Semeyonovskii 团、近卫 Prebrazhenskii团），但这些部队不足以补上战线。在和将军们商讨后，库图佐夫意识到留在战场上已经毫无意义，是时候撤退了。俄军后撤了数英里，临近了Mozhaisk。他们分为三个集团，分别由Dokhturov,、Miloradovich 和 Platov指挥，炮兵则作为第四部分单独处理。巴克莱起初并没有察觉到新的部署，直到午夜过后才反应过来。

The Russian headquarters was, meantime, discussing the direction of further retreat. Should it be to Moscow? Or maybe to Vereya or Borisov, which might compel Napoleon to follow the Russian Army towards Kaluga instead of advancing to Moscow? Kutuzov argued that the Army should withdraw along the Moscow Road, and so it did.

俄军司令部此时正在讨论下一步撤退的路线。莫斯科？        Vereya？还是Borisov？后者可能会把法军吸引到Kaluga使莫斯科逃过一劫。库图佐夫坚持让俄军沿着莫斯科大道撤退，而他的确这样做了。

Kutuzov knew that he was now on dangerous ground. This very action – a reprehensible retreat – had brought down his predecessor just ten days ago, and Kutuzov was certainly not willing to share Barclay’s fate. So he carefully calculated his next steps. A shrewd propagandist, he turned to preparing the Russian public for news of another retreat. The fact that Napoleon had ordered his troops to pull back to their original positions played into Kutuzov’s hands, since he could foster the illusion that the Russians had really won the day and remained in firm control of the battlefield. The battle was hardly over when one of the first letters was sent to Rostopchin, Governor of Moscow:

库图佐夫意识到现在自身难保，但也并不打算走前任的旧路（十天前巴克莱正是因为实施了“明令禁止”的撤退而被解职）。他为自己的后路精心谋划了一番。深谙此道的库图佐夫把宣传的重点放在了另一场撤退上——对法军奉拿破仑令撤回出发点进行包装，以此来让国人产生俄军打了胜仗且牢固地占领着阵地的错觉。在他写下给莫斯科地方长官Rostopchin信的第一个字母时，这场战役的结果就已经被颠倒了。

王法拉

202页

Today was a fierce and bloody battle. With divine help, the Russian Army refused to concede a single step, even though the enemy was in much superior numbers. Placing my faith in the Lord and the Moscow saints, I hope to resume the battle with fresh forces tomorrow.521
  
今天充满了血腥和残酷。上帝保佑，我们即便面对压倒性优势的敌人，也拼死力战，一步未退。希望主和莫斯科圣徒护佑，能让我明天以新的力量继续战斗。

Then came the first of a series of letters to Alexander, in which Kutuzov highlighted Russian gallantry and resolve. He explained that the heavy loss suffered in the battle reduced the number of troops at his disposal and made the position at Borodino too vast to be defended. Therefore, he decided to withdraw to Mozhaisk, where he hoped to received reinforcements and fight another action. He assured Alexander that he was not interested in ‘the glory of merely winning battles but rather in achieving the goal of destroying the entire French Army’. The official army bulletin reiterated these points, claiming the French ‘were driven back at all points and forced to retreat while we remained the masters of the battlefield’. It even noted that Platov ‘chased [the French] rearguard to a distance of 11 verstas [11.7km] from Borodino’. Knowing that even his private letters would eventually become public, he penned a letter to his beloved wife Ekaterina, telling her ‘I am well my dear, and am not beaten: I have won the battle with Bonaparte.’522

         接下来库图佐夫给亚历山大沙皇写了一系列信，当中他高调地赞扬了俄军的勇敢果决。至于俄军惨重的损失，库图佐夫归因于选择博罗季诺作为预设阵地过于宽大，难以防守。他期望撤退到Mozhaisk并在那里得到援军以备再战。他向沙皇保证，他的目的“并不仅仅局限于打败法军，而是要把对手赶进地狱”。军团公告中也反复提到这点，“法国佬在撤退，博罗季诺战场的仍被我们所掌控着。”公告甚至说“Platov的哥萨克把法军后卫驱离博罗季诺足足11.7公里之远”。库图佐夫很清楚在这件事情上他已经毫无隐私可言，所以给妻子的私人信件也口径一致：“亲爱的别担心，我狠狠地教训了波拿巴。”

Most Russian sources suggest that the Russian Army spent the night on the battlefield, while the French withdrew to their initial positions. The rank-and-file certainly did not feel vanquished and participants, who later wrote memoirs, reflected this prevailing opinion. It was further strengthened by official reports, especially Kutuzov’s, which portrayed the battle as a victory. The fact is, both armies spent the night on the battlefield, although some Allied units had to withdrew in order not to bivouac amongst the dead bodies that covered the ground. These withdrawals were seen by the Russians as a general retreat by the Grand Army and this ‘legend’, as some Russian historians describe it, quickly spread. Witmer, a prominent Russian historian, justly commented that ‘this legend gained such deep roots and entered [popular] history because it flattered our national self-esteem’.

大部分俄国史料称俄军整个晚上都守住了阵地，而法军则后撤到了出发点。基层士兵并不认为自己打了败仗，而且在参战者的回忆录中，这样的看法也很普遍。后来的官方报道——特别是库图佐夫的捷报，使这种观念更加深入人心。事实则是法俄双方都在战场上渡过了这个夜晚，一些联军士兵奉命后撤（为了避免在尸积如山的战地露营）的行动被俄军误认为是整个军团的退却，这种说法随着一些俄国史学家的引用而广为流传。俄国著名史学家Witmer对此有公正的评论：这种说法影响如此深远，仅仅是因为它满足了我们的民族自尊罢了。

王法拉

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王法拉

        下午六点左右，战斗渐渐平息。克劳塞维茨注意到双方都已筋疲力尽。步兵伤亡极为惨重，仅有不足三分之一的人还在战斗：其他的要么阵亡，要么负伤，有些人被派去运送伤员，有些则在后方重整队形，每处都是这种情况。大炮也变得有气无力，不像之前那般势若惊雷，爆炸声只是零星地响起。各处都有骑兵补上了步兵的阵位，他们的战马也已疲惫不堪。

        同时，彼得罗夫（Petrov）也注意到，随着天色渐晚，博罗季诺战场上双方的战斗热情也消退了，流血厮杀渐渐平息；夜色中偶尔有滑膛枪火闪烁，大炮也只是间断性地射击。垂死者的呻吟随处可闻，尸体铺满了原野，填平了沟壑。他们都是好样的汉子，为保卫祖国义无反顾地献出了生命。

       沃尔措根（Wolzogen）回忆道：巴克莱始终不明白为什么拿破仑没有投入生力军扩大战果，联军已经拿下了博罗季诺战场的重要支撑点，俄军也久战疲惫，无力抵抗，许多将领和团级军官非死即伤。我曾经在前线后方遇到一个带着三四十号人的中尉，当我命令他立即归队时，他回答道：“我们全团都在这了！”——其他的人都进了伤亡失踪名单。俄军几乎耗光了后备队，但拿破仑最精锐的帝国近卫军却一直未见踪影。这支恐怖的力量既可以突击俄军中央，也可以支援法军右翼，只要打垮了巴戈武特（Baggovut）军，那就可以威胁到俄军的后方。可是这一切都没发生。

        了解到第一线的战况，巴克莱派沃尔措根去向库图佐夫请求下一步的行动命令。鉴于对库图佐夫的了解，他指示沃尔措根必须取得“库图佐夫签发的书面命令”。 沃尔措根在莫斯科大道附近的一座小山上找到了库图佐夫，“后者此时被一群年轻贵族环绕，沉浸在恭维声中，对眼前的麻烦毫不热心。托尔（Toll）上校也在场，但他明显对盘中的阉鸡更感兴趣。”沃尔措根以德意志人的直率通报了俄军战况，“敌人占据了所有的重点阵地，我们的团级部队都已筋疲力尽或被打散了”。糟糕的战报激怒了库图佐夫，这让他在随员前丧尽颜面。“你他妈的是在哪个狗娘养的的小贩那里喝多了酒！竟然敢给我这种报告！”库图佐夫怒吼道。但库图佐夫马上理清了自己的思路，没人比他更了解舆论宣传的威力。

        “没人比我更了解战斗经过！法国鬼子每次进攻都被迎头痛击，明天我就要一马当先，把这些混蛋赶出我们神圣的祖国！”

        说完这番话，库图佐夫挑衅性地环顾四周，随从们也赶紧鼓掌欢呼，赞叹老将军的爱国热情。沃尔措根受到了不礼貌的接待，特别是他“仅仅处于履行职责，汇报自己看到的战斗经过，而库图佐夫则呆在安全的后方，享用美酒佳肴（前方吃紧后方紧吃么——吐个槽）”。沃尔措根对库图佐夫的狡猾深有体会，他继续记录到：我内心深处知道他们这些家伙根本不了解军队的状况，他也不敢承认那公告谎话连篇，因为这能让他成为俄国人的英雄。他也知道拿破仑此时不会重新进攻，我们今晚保住阵地毫无压力。
  
        在前线军官的角度看，沃尔措根无从指责。但俄军司令部对战斗的了解是极为详尽的，阻止不利消息扩散是每一个合格的指挥官必备素质。这就是库图佐夫痛斥沃尔措根而欢迎报捷的拉耶夫斯基（Rayevsky，他在沃尔措根之后一会儿抵达）的缘由。拉耶夫斯基回忆道，库图佐夫这次对他格外热情，因为刚刚有人报告说俄军处境岌岌可危。他（库图佐夫）问我：“你觉得我们该撤退么？！”我表示反对，并且坚信我们明天就能进行反击，狭路相逢勇者胜，胜利往往属于坚持到最后的一方。我并没有自吹自擂，现在看起来可能我误判了形势，但那时我坚信我们能干翻法国佬。

        于是库图佐夫让托尔起草了接下来几天的作战计划，同时也给巴克莱另一个任务。拉耶夫斯基被派去给第2西军团指挥官多赫图罗夫（Dokhturov，替代负伤的巴格拉季昂）带个口信，沃尔措根则收到了给巴克莱的书面指示。命令如下：综合各种敌情判断，我认为拿破仑蒙受了更惨痛的损失，我决定今晚重整队伍，补充弹药，明早继续战斗。

       读完了命令，巴克莱摇了摇头，对沃尔措根抱怨道他根本没有足够的实力执行这个计划：如果我们当即发起进攻，那还有的打，可是等到明天，饥饿和疲劳就会先榨干我们力量，进攻无异于天方夜谭。        
  
       巴克莱去找库图佐夫，在后者返回高尔基（Gorki）高地前他们交谈了十五分钟。勒文施特恩（Löwenstern）是陪同前往的三名副官之一，他后来记录到：他（巴克莱）在小山附近下马，并要了些吃的。在对付那一小杯朗姆酒和面包的同时也没忘记观察远处的敌情。巴克莱在战斗中以身作则，穿着盛装，配满勋章，在战斗最激烈、处境最危险的阵地上不断奔走。当检阅久战疲敝的军团时，迎接他的是士兵们发自内心的欢呼，一名俄军军官评论到：他（巴克莱）所遭受的侮辱和不公比起他今天的作为显得苍白无力，不值一提。

       对于一位身处战场，眼前满是自己阵亡手下的将军来说，要如何才能使他感到一丝慰藉啊！“雾气很快笼罩了战场。。”勒文施特恩写到，“周围一片寂静，此时我们才能静下心来回想这血腥的一天。我们都没有思考战斗损失，双方几乎打成了平手。”虽然主要的炮兵阵地（拉耶夫斯基炮垒 ）已落入敌手，但巴克莱仍期望在接下来的战斗中把它和极左翼的失地夺回，新的进攻也在谋划中。

        当晚，库图佐夫向全军通报了胜利并下令准备继续战斗。俄国人依旧斗志高昂，尽管他们并不知晓部队的真实处境。 穆拉维约夫 · 奥波什托尔（Muravyev-Apostol）回忆道，他接到了“不要卸下背包，准备继续战斗”的命令。

        将军们此时正竭力重整队伍。巴克莱把他剩下的人部署在所谓的“第三条防线”上，部队向后方运动了1500米。第6军位于高尔基高地附近，第4军则部署在第6军后方，骑兵和第5军担任后备队。对法军阵地展开侦查的命令也同时下达，当获悉法军在大多面堡仅剩正在撤退的零散单位时，巴克莱指示米洛拉多维奇（Miloradovich）派出几个营去拿下这处要地，并在黎明前设置好炮垒。可是夜间出击并不顺利。巴克莱随即建议多赫图罗夫（Dokhturov）的第2西军团进行整补，在第4军左翼增援队伍并填补他和巴戈武特军之间的空隙。为了加强防御，巴克莱在临近高尔基阵地的制高点上指派了2000民兵修建一座多面堡。这些计划都得到了库图佐夫的认可。

       与此同时，处于俄军右翼的第1猎兵团仍然在警戒科洛查河岸。彼得罗夫（Petrov）回忆道：在8月27号日晚上（从下文看是凌晨，此为俄历，公历为9月8日），我们团派出的斥候回报说，法军的前沿部队正在不断后退。最后，我们的侦察军官在午夜时分回报团部，说拉耶夫斯基炮垒、斯通特斯（Stonets）多面堡、科洛查河右岸之间的区域已无敌踪。为了进一步了解敌情，我们派出了一位军士带着十名猎兵游过了科洛查河，看看法军是否还呆在博罗季诺村里。一小时后他们回报说村中已无法军，但是村后的小山和沃伊纳河右岸发现了大批敌人骑兵 我们的指挥卡尔彭科（Karpenko）是个有经验的参谋军官，经历过多次战斗，他马上意识到这个情报的重要性并让副官去向巴克莱汇报。同时，卡尔彭科也想到明天可能会接到进攻命令，为此他命令手下多储备弹药以备不时之需。忙完这些，队伍得到了休息，人们架好武器，在科洛查陡峭河岸附近静静入眠。大概在8月27号上午五点（俄历），我们派工程部队在科洛查河边收集木料，一座浮桥也同时搭建好，人人都在渴望着收复博罗季诺的进攻命令。可是我们却接到了跟随部队后撤到莫札斯克（然后是莫斯科）的指示；哥萨克则负责监视敌军骑兵（敌人位于俄历8月25号，即公历9月6号他们夺取的阵地上）。

        当晚库图佐夫返回了位于塔塔里诺沃（Tatarinovo）的指挥部并召开了下一步作战会议。本尼格森提到，当时他们并没有意识到俄军在日间的损失是如此惨重，军官们仍然计划着夜袭夺回中央炮垒，明天继续和法军较量。托尔和手下的参谋前去检查部队，他们在晚上11点左右返回，并带来了俄军可怕的伤亡统计与逐渐明晰的部队现状。已有上万人死伤、失踪，团级建制被打掉，师级单位只剩下几百人的情况比比皆是。库图佐夫手里还有六个团的预备队——四个猎兵团、近卫谢苗诺夫斯基（Semeyonovskii） 团、近卫普列奥布拉任斯基（Prebrazhenskii）团，但这些部队不足以补上战线。在和将军们商讨后，库图佐夫意识到留在战场上已经毫无意义，是时候撤退了。俄军后撤了数英里，临近了莫扎伊斯克 。俄军分为三个集团，分别由多赫图罗夫（Dokhturov），米洛拉多维奇（Miloradovich）和普拉托夫指挥，炮兵则作为第四部分单独处理。巴克莱起初并没有察觉到新的部署，直到午夜过后才反应过来。

       俄军司令部此时正在讨论下一步撤退的路线。莫斯科？ 韦列亚（Vereya）？鲍里索夫（Borisov）？后者可能会把法军吸引到卡卢加（Kaluga）使莫斯科逃过一劫。库图佐夫坚持让俄军沿着莫斯科大道撤退，而他的确这样做了。

       库图佐夫意识到现在自身难保，但也并不打算走前任的旧路（十天前巴克莱正是因为实施了“明令禁止”的撤退而被解职）。他为自己的后路精心谋划了一番。深谙此道的库图佐夫把宣传的重点放在了另一场撤退上——对法军奉拿破仑令撤回出发点进行包装，以此来让国人产生俄军打了胜仗且牢固地占领着阵地的错觉。在他写下给莫斯科省地方长官罗斯托普钦（Rostopchin）信的第一个字母时，这场战役的结果就已经被颠倒了。

       “今天充满了血腥和残酷。上帝保佑，即便面对压倒性优势的敌人，我们也拼死力战，一步未退。希望主和圣莫斯科护佑，能让我明天以新的力量继续战斗。”

       接下来库图佐夫给亚历山大沙皇写了一系列信，当中他高调地赞扬了俄军的勇敢果决。至于俄军惨重的损失，库图佐夫归因于选择博罗季诺作为预设阵地过于宽大，难以防守。他期望撤退到莫扎伊斯克并在那里得到援军以备再战。他向沙皇保证，他的目的“并不仅仅局限于打败法军，而是要把对手赶进地狱”。军团公告中也反复提到这点，“法国佬在撤退，博罗季诺战场的仍被我们所掌控着。”公告甚至说“普拉托夫的哥萨克把法军后卫驱离博罗季诺足足11.7公里之远”。库图佐夫很清楚在这件事情上他已经毫无隐私可言，所以对给妻子的私人信件也口径一致：“亲爱的别担心，我狠狠地教训了波拿巴。”

       大部分俄国史料称俄军整个晚上都守住了阵地，而法军则后撤到了出发点。基层士兵并不认为自己打了败仗，而且在参战者的回忆录中，这样的看法也很普遍。后来的官方报道——特别是库图佐夫的捷报，使这种观念更加深入人心。事实则是法俄双方都在战场上渡过了这个夜晚，一些联军士兵奉命后撤（为了避免在尸积如山的战地露营）的行动被俄军误认为是整个军团的退却，这种说法随着一些俄国史学家的引用而广为流传。俄国著名史学家威特默（Witmer）对此有公正的评论：这种说法影响如此深远，仅仅是因为它满足了我们的民族自尊罢了。

tblzd

2nd army是第二西方军团   2nd  western army
可以查看本书第120页，The Russian headquarters was stunned by news of Bagration's wound. Kutuzov, initially appointed Prince Alexander of Wurttemberg to lead the 2nd Western Army but then replaced him with the more experienced Dokhturov, who reached the left flank between 10.30 and 11.00 am.
第二西方军团原指挥巴格拉季昂受伤，后由Dokhturov接手