本帖最后由 末日 于 2013-12-4 20:58 编辑
至于“特拉法加海战阻止了法军登陆英伦”一类的神话,在此仅贴一段N.A.M.Rodger对特拉法加战略意义的评述(以及对传统神话观点的驳斥),我认为已经表达得相当清楚了:
It was once a commonplace of French histories of the Napoleonic War that the battle of Trafalgar was essentially a marginal event which changed nothing of importance. Not many were quite as dismissive as Napoleon’s explanation to the Corps Législatif: ‘Les tempêtes nous a fait perdre quelques vaisseaux après un combat imprudemment engagé’ (‘Storms have caused us the loss of some ships of the line after an unwise engagement’), but they agreed that there could be no comparison between the results of this or any battle at sea, and the French victories of Ulm and Austerlitz in the same year, or Jena and Auerstädt in 1806, which between them drove Austria, Prussia and Saxony out of the war, and transferred to French rule or control most of southern Germany and northern Italy. Trafalgar had confirmed what scarcely anyone had doubted; it had changed nothing of importance, and done nothing to prevent a series of decisive Napoleonic victories each of which had forced British allies out of the war, and transferred large areas of Europe into French territory or French dependencies.
British historians in response claimed that Nelson’s victory had defeated Napoleon’s great scheme to invade Britain, and that by a mechanism which was not very clearly explained, it had assured British supremacy at sea for a century. ‘To any naval Power’, the Admiralty magisterially informed the 1902 Colonial Defence Conference,
the destruction of the fleet of the enemy must always be the object aimed at. It is immaterial where the great battle is fought, but wherever it may take place the result will be felt throughout the world... In the foregoing remarks the word defence does not appear. It is omitted advisedly, because the primary object of the British Navy is not to defend anything, but to attack the fleets of the enemy, and, by defeating them, to afford protection to British Dominions, supplies and commerce. This is the ultimate aim.
Unfortunately for these arguments, Trafalgar had no apparent effect, or at least no swift effect, in those parts of the world controlled by Napoleon’s armies, and it did not prevent him from subsequently building up another large and (at least on paper) formidable fleet. As for invasion, it has long been clear that Napoleon’s successive invasion plans had collapsed one after another from the weight of their own internal contradictions well before Trafalgar; so completely, in fact, that even the Emperor himself had been tacitly forced to concede their implausibility. Had Villeneuve and Gravina won Trafalgar, they could not have advanced the invasion of Britain, if only because the main defences against such an operation, the squadrons of Cornwallis and Keith, lay undefeated in their path. In any case they no longer had even nominal orders to steer for the Channel. The Combined Fleet was thrown away in support of a marginal, not to say trivial campaign against the Two Sicilies, which were sufficiently vulnerable to French armies without any naval intervention. Trafalgar might perhaps be said to have saved Naples from invasion, but certainly not Britain.
然后Rodger被迫包了一大圈,从经济与文化的角度曲线论证特拉发加海战的意义。从另一个侧面可见,这场仗其实是没有太大的直接、实际意义的。当然,宣传上、文化上、士气上的意义,则通过一套复杂的历史生发机制,深刻地影响着19到20世纪的海军与海军史研究,这是不能忽视的。 |