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发表于 2006-10-30 08:45:55
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Henry was assassinated in 1610, and the following year Sully retired. Because Henry's son and successor, Louis XIII, was only nine years oldat his father's death, the task of governing fell to the queen mother, Marie de Medicis. Finding herself in a valueable position, she sought security abroad by signing a ten-year mutual defense pact with France's arch rival Spainin the Treaty of FOntainbleau(1611).This allience also arranged for marriages between Louis XIII and a Spanish princess and between her daughter Elizabeth and the heir to the Spanish throne.The queen sought internal security against pressures from the French nobility by promoting the career of Cardinal Richelieu as the king's chief adviser. Richeliu, loyal and shrewd, sought to make France the supreme European power. He, more than any other person, was responsible for French success in the first half of the seventeenth century.
An apparently devout Catholic who also believed the church best served both his own ambition and the welfare of France, Richeliu pursued a strongly anti-Habsburg policy.Although he supported the Spanish allience of the queen and Catholic religious unity within France, he was determined to contain Spanish power and influence,even when that meant aiding and abetting Protestant Europe.It is an indication and of his diplomatic agility that he could, in 1631, pledge funds to the Protestant army of Gustavus Adolphus, the king of Sweden, while also insisting that Catholic Bavaria be spared from attack and that Catholic in conquered countries be permitted to practise their religion.One measure of the Richeliu's foreigh policies canbe seen in France's subtantial gains in land and political influence when the Treaty of Westphalia ended hostilites in Holy Roman Empire and the Treaty of the Pyrenes sealed peace with Spain. |
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