本帖最后由 王法拉 于 2013-10-23 15:16 编辑
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Borodino remainsan example of how winning a major battle does not necessarily mean winning thecampaign. The French gained a victory – albeit a narrow one – and triumphantlyentered Moscow a week later, only to abandon it after a month. The Grand Armythen suffered perhaps the most devastating retreat in history. In politicalterms, Napoleon’s hopes of exploiting his success at Borodino (which, afterall, had led to the capture of Moscow) proved futile, as the Russians continuedto reject proposals for a negotiated peace. The battle, in fact, may beconsidered a key event in the downfall of the French First Empire, sinceNapoleon’s failure to destroy the Russian Army and gain peace with Alexanderled to ignominious retreat and the ultimate loss of his own, awesome, GrandArmy. This, in turn, prompted the collapse of the Emperor’s power base,facilitating a strong anti-French coalition in 1813. Meanwhile, the RussianArmy carried the war from the walls of Moscow to the heart of Paris, where ittriumphantly paraded on the Champs-Elysées in the spring of1814.
打赢了一场战斗并不一定能帮你赢得整个战争,博罗季诺就是个典型例子。法军取得了胜利——虽然过程着实艰难,并在一周后进入莫斯科,但仅仅过了一个月就不得不将其放弃。大军团之后在撤退行动中所遇到的险境,恐怕会让历史上所有的撤退都相形见绌。从政治角度来说,拿破仑利用博罗季诺胜利(包括占领莫斯科)来逼迫沙皇和谈的期望落空了。这场战役从某种程度上来说正是法兰西第一帝国国运的分水岭,拿破仑摧毁俄军主力及与沙皇和谈的目标都没有实现,而在那可怕的大撤退中,他那忠诚的、令人畏惧的伟大军团也崩溃了。基干军队的大量损失动摇了皇帝的统治根本,1813年,更加强大的反法同盟再度成立。与此同时,俄军也从首都莫斯科的城墙下一路逆推至法兰西的心脏——巴黎,并且于1814年春天,在香榭丽舍大街进行了盛大的阅兵,炫耀俄罗斯帝国的军威。
The battle had atremendous effect on the social and cultural landscape of the Russian empire.It was hardly ever acknowledged as a defeat, but rather lauded as a crucial moralvictory, especially in view of the subsequent rout of Napoleon’s forces. Ithelped mobilize the nation and provided a powerful morale boost. The subsequentdefeat of an opponent previously deemed unstoppable left a permanent imprint onthe Russian national psyche, and helped revive Messianic sentiments in thenation and its rulers. By 1815, Emperor Alexander would be enthralled by thesemystical ideas, as revealed in his famous proposal for the creation of a ‘HolyAlliance’ to maintain conservative order and encourage monarchs to ruleaccording to Christian principles. Under his successor, Nicholas I, Russiawould be labelled the ‘gendarme of Europe’ for its role in protecting theexisting status quo on the Continent. The origins of the Decembrist movement,which had a lasting effect on Russian upper society, can be traced to officers,who, following Borodino and the French defeat in Russia, had served in WesternEurope and shared their experiences and impressions with other officers.
这场战役对帝俄社会、文化产生了巨大的影响。俄国人并不认为自己打了败仗,他们更看重精神上的胜利,特别是不久之后拿破仑就在俄罗斯荒原上遭到重挫,这更加坚定了他们的观点。博罗季诺战役让整个俄罗斯团结在了一起,激发了人们无比的爱国热情。先前那看似高高在上、不可阻挡的敌人被打败了,这在人们心中留下了永恒的烙印,使俄罗斯国民和统治者对世界产生了救世主般的情怀。在1815年,执着于此的亚历山大沙皇发起了“神圣同盟“,以此来推行保守主义政策,鼓励君主们遵从基督教义治理国家。到了他的继承者,沙皇尼古拉一世,俄国为了维持这一体系而被冠以“欧洲宪兵”之名。给予俄国上层社会持续影响的十二月党人革命,其发源就可以追溯到那些随着俄军进入西欧的进步军官。他们将经过法国大革命洗礼的、全新的欧洲见闻传回了国内。
Finally,the Battle of Borodino influenced artistic and literary fields for the rest ofthe century and inspired such luminaries of Russian literature as Alexander Pushkin,Peter Vyazemsky, Vasili Zhukovsky, Mikhail Lermontov, Alexander Griboyedov and,above all, Leo Tolstoy, whose War and Peace, with its detailed discussion ofthe Battle of Borodino, remains one of the greatest literary accomplishments ofthe 19th century. The themes of 1812 were also woven into the musicalmasterpieces of Mikhail Glinka, Peter Tchaikovsky and Sergei Prokofiev.
最后,博罗季诺战役长久地影响了后世的文学艺术,并给像普希金、Peter Vyazemsky, Vasili Zhukovsky, Mikhail Lermontov, AlexanderGriboyedov等俄国文学家以创作灵感,特别是作为19世纪文艺瑰宝的列夫•托尔斯泰作品《战争与和平》,更是以详尽的笔墨记叙了博罗季诺的故事。同时,1812年的英雄故事也被MikhailGlinka, PeterTchaikovsky 和 Sergei Prokofiev等谱写在音乐杰作中,吟颂至今。 |