钱德勒版《拿破仑的元帅们》书摘与心得

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1809年7月5日瓦格拉姆会战，贝尔纳多特指挥的萨克森人组成的第九军被击退，损失严重，老贝指责贝尔蒂埃转移了他的援军。次日，第九军也没能守住阵地（贝尔纳多特擅自后退，无谓地放弃了阿德克拉村）。拿破仑训了老贝一顿，两人激烈争吵。

老贝在7月8日辞职回巴黎（安德鲁·罗伯茨说拿破仑在6日便解除了他的指挥权），临走前还表扬了士兵们，说他们像青铜一样屹立着，而且还要更加顽强。拿破仑气坏了，发布了一份官方责令，说蓬泰科尔沃亲王贝尔纳多特的话有悖真相、政策与国家荣誉。

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此后老贝去指挥15,000人的安特卫普军团，防备英军在瓦尔赫伦岛的登陆。

In 1809 a coup d'etat in Sweden had driven King Gustavus IV  into exile, and replaced him by his childless and elderly uncle, who was crowned Charles XIII. In June 1810 Charles’s adopted heir died suddenly and a new successor had to be found for the Swedish throne. Charles himself wished to nominate a Danish prince. This was opposed by a group of Swedish patriots who feared that their country would fall under the domination of Denmark, an ancient enemy and rival. Charles appealed for support to Napoleon, an ally of the king of Denmark, and secured a half-promise of agreement. The patriots then took the idea of French involvement one stage further. They proposed that the new heir should be one of Napoleon's own family, or one of his marshals.

Bernadotte fulfilled both conditions. He had a good record as an administrator, and a good reputation among the Swedes with whom he had dealt when in north Germany, where Sweden had territorial and commercial interests. Napoleon—after some initial hesitation—raised no objection, since the idea enabled him simultaneously to be rid of a Gascon intriguer and obtain for a relative an exalted position among the crowned heads of Europe. Moreover, he judged that a French marshal on the throne of Sweden, irrespective of his politics or competence, would mean the final closure of the rich Baltic trade in naval stores above all to his arch-enemy England.

Though Bernadotte was not the Swedish emissaries' first choice at the imperial court, he was the only one who, like his fellow townsman Henry IV, was prepared to change his religion for a throne. On August 21, 1810, the Swedish Parliament, with royal assent, unanimously elected Bernadotte as their crown prince. Napoleon released him from his oath of allegiance and French nationality, though failing to extract from him a promise never to bear arms against France, and the two parted on terms of mutually insincere flattery. They would never meet again.

1809年，瑞典国王古斯塔夫四世在政变中下台。他的叔叔卡尔十三世上位，但此公的养子在1810年6月暴毙，只好另觅继承人。卡尔十三世想提名一位丹麦亲王，可是爱国者们不想让传统死敌丹麦人登基。于是卡尔十三世求助于丹麦的盟友拿破仑。爱国者们进一步设想，这个人最好是法国皇室成员，或者是个法国元帅。

——显然他们只要找贝尔纳多特就齐活儿了。贝尔纳多特作为管理者的名声很好，而且曾经优待瑞典军官俘虏。拿破仑犹豫了一下，最后同意了。他以为把一个亲戚安在一个欧洲王位上可以帮他完成大陆封锁体系。

虽然贝尔纳多特不是瑞典宫廷的首选，但他是唯一 一个像亨利四世（俩人都出生于波城）一样，愿意为了王座转变信仰的。1810年8月21日，瑞典议会和王室一致同意，选贝尔纳多特为瑞典王储。拿破仑解除了他的效忠宣誓和法国国籍，不过并未让他允诺不会对法国动武。最后二人就说着些虚情假意的奉承话告别了，从此不复相见。

注意黑色字体：这就是为什么拿破仑只说他忘恩负义而不是叛国。

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The Emperor had other plans for Sweden. She was required to join the Continental System, by which none should trade with Britain, and, under French pressure, actually declared war in November 1810. The British response, that those who did not trade with Britain should not trade at all, at least by sea, would have damaged Swedish interests so seriously that both sides soon agreed to behave as though they were still at peace. Napoleon responded by occupying Swedish Pomerania in January 1811. He added insult to injury by placing it under Marshal Davout, with whom Charles John had long been on bad terms. In Germany in 1808 he had discovered Davout intercepting and reading his letters, and had threatened to horsewhip him.

现在贝尔纳多特就是卡尔·约翰了~

他既没有钱也没有兵力去和沙皇抢回古斯塔夫四世丢失的芬兰，于是转而谋取丹麦，那是拿破仑的盟友挪威人的地盘。

拿破仑自顾自地要求瑞典加入大陆封锁体系，别跟英国佬做生意。英国人的意见是，行啊，那你就干脆别搞海外贸易了。瑞典一听自然是呵呵怎么会呢咱们一起骗骗他好啦。可是拿破仑既有法眼也有铁腕，顺手就把瑞典的波美拉尼亚省给占了。而且他还要派和贝尔纳多特有过节的达武去镇守——1808年在德意志，贝尔纳多特发现达武截阅他的信件，扬言要用马鞭抽他。

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所谓此消彼长，和拿破仑的关系恶化的同时，沙皇的态度变得更加友善。1812年4月，瑞典与俄国互相保证其领土所有。

两国都会派军队到德意志海岸以备战争之需，前提是俄国协助瑞典征服挪威。1812年6月15日签订维尔纳和约，规定瑞典港口向全世界船只开放，大陆封锁体系开始崩坏。

一周后，拿破仑入侵俄国。1812年7月，卡尔·约翰与沙皇在芬兰的Abo会面，先是互相恭维一番，然后都作出了夸大其词的承诺：俄国的大军正撤往莫斯科，亚历山大却说要提供35,000人征服挪威；而卡尔·约翰则不甘示弱地说，如果圣彼得堡危在旦夕，他会亲自在布列塔尼海岸登陆。

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1813年3月中旬，普法公开交恶。与此同时，瑞典与英国签署了协约，英国出资赞助，瑞典往北德意志派出30,000军队。卡尔·约翰写信给拿破仑称他不想与法国为敌，只是为了瑞典的利益，而且是拿破仑先入侵波美拉尼亚并扣押瑞典船只的。




瑞典军队刚一登陆，联军在大戈尔尚战败的消息就传来了。沙皇告诉卡尔·约翰，别惦记丹麦了，俺们要拉拢丹麦国王对付法皇，你不如做做当法国国王的白日梦吧！德西蕾也给夫君写信，劝他不要屠戮法国人，因为拿破仑肯定要跌下王位，这样夫君就可以更好地在法国事务中发挥作用了。

呸，唯小人与女子难养也（其实“女子”为“汝子”），贝尔纳多特很愤怒。在他眼里俄普没给他拨一个营却背信弃义。他说只要英国人还在战场上，他也不会走。急脾气的加斯科涅人还扬言如果再被羞辱就打道回府，归隐拉普兰。最后，丹麦国王选择了站拿破仑的队，这样问题就解决了。7月，三王会面，老贝笑笑，输入了金手指代码，把元帅的缺陷和争斗都调出来给他们看。他还建议他自己的北方军团、布吕歇尔的西里西亚军团和施瓦岑贝格的波西米亚军团联合行动，某一方受到攻击时就后撤，等到其他军团援救——这其实就是拿破仑的军团战术的放大版。

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The fighting during the autumn of 1813 vindicated this plan, though Charles John’s delays in following up his victory at Dennewitz (see p. 35) led to further difficulties with his allies. Allied generals at his headquarters protested at his slow progress, only to be treated to a series of gasconades. The Prussians were reminded of who beat them at Lubeck. The English were asked if this was the way to repay Sweden’s loyalty. It took a broad hint from the Russians that there were other pretenders to the Swedish succession to induce him to sacrifice his lines of communications and to follow Blucher across the Elbe at the end of September.

1813年秋的战斗证明了贝尔纳多特的建议是有效的，但他本人行动十分谨慎，看起来就像作为帝国元帅时一样。在登讷维茨，他行动迟缓，受他指挥的联军将领表示抗议，换来的却是一连串经典的加斯科涅式吹嘘。普鲁士人还想起了他们是被谁在吕贝克狠揍的。英国人被质问，这就是回报瑞典的忠诚的方式？俄国人还暗示，瑞典王位有别的觊觎者，迫使贝尔纳多特牺牲其交通线，跟着布吕歇尔在9月末渡过易北河。

There is no doubt that Charles John felt he had everything to lose, and little to gain, by incurring the risk of another battle. Before he left Pomerania he had declared he would not allow himself to be argued into accepting battle on unequal terms, a condition that by this time, it had become clear, meant on any terms other than those in which victory was certain. Every drop of French blood shed by the Army of the North would make it more difficult for its commander to aspire to the throne of France. A single defeat, he felt, might cost him his reputation as a general and with it his position as crown prince of Sweden itself.

It was not until October 18, 48 hours after Bliicher had joined the battle, that Charles John finally arrived on the field of Leipzig, and even then only after Bliicher had agreed to placing half the Army of Silesia under his command. Though cautious with his army, Charles John behaved with his customary personal courage, and the Russian attache reported him as being mounted on a great gray charger and wearing a gold braided pelisse of violet velvet. “He held in his hand a baton draped in violet velvet ornamented with gold. He looked superb, in the middle of the firing, surrounded by dead and wounded, and encouraging by his presence a brigade of English artillery,”the Royal Horse Artillery’s rocket troop， which Wellington declined to employ in the Peninsula.

贝尔纳多特感觉很不爽也很不划算。法国人每流一滴血，他离法国王位就更远一步。而且万一打了一场败仗，将有辱他作为将军和太子的名声。10月18日，布吕歇尔开战两天之后，卡尔·约翰才来到莱比锡战场，而且布吕歇尔还已经把西里西亚军团的半数兵力交给他了。尽管还是一如既往的谨慎，但卡尔·约翰还是展示了个人的英勇，俄国人记录道，贝尔纳多特骑着一匹高大的灰马，身披一件镶缀有金色穗带的紫罗兰色毛皮大氅，握着权杖，在战场的中央、死伤者之间，显得尤为华丽。英国的一个旅“王家火箭骑炮部队”被他所振奋。

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莱比锡会战后，布吕歇尔和施瓦岑贝格往莱茵河方向追击拿破仑，而贝尔纳多特则北上对付达武和丹麦人。他在12月5月击退丹麦人，然后于1814年1月14日签订了基尔和约，用瑞典的波美拉尼亚交换挪威的丹麦。2月10日，他很不情愿地渡过莱茵河，向法国人民发表喊话：逝者如斯夫！俺也在莱茵河为你们战斗过，一切开明的人都会希望看到法国被保存，而他们唯一的目标就是阻止她再成为世界的祸端。

没有人喜欢这番肺腑之言——他的旧同僚的成就被称作欧洲祸端，他的联军伙伴未必希望法国保存自然边境，而且，谁都把他看作一个顶着外国亲王帽子将侵略军带进故国的前法国将军。更倒霉的是，就像以前一样，他总能在关键的时候出现在无关紧要的地方：拿破仑退位的消息传来时，他还在列日。赶到巴黎后，法国王座已经没他的什么事了。

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他在巴黎待了两周，与德西蕾重聚，后者要在巴黎一直待到1823年，与某个认为她是间谍的外交大臣的关系引人非议，直到这个高官去世才回到夫君身边。贝氏与奈伊、奥热罗、马尔蒙和勒费弗尔亲切会面，唯一有点煞风景的就是勒费弗尔夫人高声叫道她不想和一个卖国贼一起待在家里。两周后，他回到列日的北方军团中，班师回朝。

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During the Hundred Days，Charles John made no move, asserting that he had already fulfilled his obligations to his allies. This did not endear him to the Bourbons, who saw in him the last of the crowned Jacobins. A final touch of irony came in 1830 when the Bourbons were again dethroned and Louis-Phillipe came to the throne of France. His representative, the son of Marshal Ney, arrived in Stockholm, only to be ordered to take down the tricolor which he hoisted over the French Embassy, while Sweden, largely out of deference to her powerful Russian neighbors, still recognized the Bourbon lilies.

百日王朝期间，卡尔·约翰置身事外，声称已经完成了他的义务。这并不会让波旁王室对他心生好感，他们把他看做最后一个戴着王冠的雅各宾派。1830年他们有过最后一次讽刺的接触，路易-菲利普登上法国王座，而当奈伊的儿子作为代表来到斯德哥尔摩时，瑞典人通知他把大使馆的三色旗拉下来，因为瑞典为强大的俄国邻居着想，只承认波旁的百合花色旗。

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Opposition in both parliaments of both his kingdoms constantly caused him to inveigh bitterly against the ingratitude of his subjects. Nor were his famous gasconades as successful as they had once been. When he threatened to deal with student unrest by making the gutters run with blood, Desideria told him plainly that everyone knew he couldn’t even kill a kitten.

1818年2月7日，卡尔·约翰成为瑞典与丹麦国王，史称卡尔十四世。作为一个保守派，他饱受抨击。

议会两党的反对声令他不断痛骂臣民忘恩负义，而他的加斯科涅式威吓从来没有兑现过。有一次，他威胁要让暴动的学生血流排水沟，而德西蕾只是平静地告诉他，所有人都知道他连一只小猫都不会杀。